Expression of the cancer stem cell marker OCT4 is associated with worse prognosis and survival in cutaneous melanoma.

Cutaneous melanoma has an aggressive clinical presentation, showing rapid rate of growth and metastatic dissemination due to the permanence of cancer stem cells. The present study was to evaluate the expression of the self-renewal regulatory factor and the clinical significance of the transcription factor OCT4 in melanoma. Melanoma tissues were stained by immunohistochemistry and the correlation between the expression of this marker was determined through clinical-pathological variables and survival outcomes. Positive expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic OCT4 was observed in 49% and 41.2% of cases, respectively. The positive expression of nuclear OCT4 in melanoma was significantly associated with prognostic factors, such as Breslow depth, Clark's level, ulceration and metastasis. Survival of patients was 56% compared to positive nuclear OCT4 expression and 94.2% when compared to the low expression of the gene. Nuclear OCT4 positive genotype indicated aggressive tumor behavior with a worse clinical outcome, which indicates OCT4 as a useful biomarker in the prognosis of melanoma.

Demyelination in experimental intraventricular neurocysticercosis.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is classified as a neglected tropical disease, which affects mainly Latin America and Africa in spite of some reports in North America and Europe. NCC represents the cause of up to 30% of the reported cases of epilepsy in endemic countries. The NCC injuries present direct relation to the development stage, location, and number of parasites as well as to the host immune response. This study aimed the characterization of the inflammatory response and tissue injuries by means of the analyses of the periventricular and parenchymatous demyelination through the experimental intraventricular NCC infection. Therefore, BALB/c mice were submitted to experimental NCC inoculation with Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. Their brains were removed at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after the inoculation (DAI), and analyzed after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Luxol Fast Blue, and Nissl. It was possible to observe ventriculomegaly, inflammatory infiltration composed by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, and foamy macrophages. The presence of inflammatory cells was associated with neurodegeneration detected by the areas with demyelination observed initially in the periventricular area and lately in the parenchyma. In conclusion, the presence of cysticerci and the consequent inflammation were able to promote initial periventricular demyelination followed by parenchymatous demyelination as the infection progressed.

Demyelination in experimental intraventricular neurocysticercosis / Desmielinização na neurocisticercose intraventricular experimental

Abstract Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is classified as a neglected tropical disease, which affects mainly Latin America and Africa in spite of some reports in North America and Europe. NCC represents the cause of up to 30% of the reported cases of epilepsy in endemic countries. The NCC injuries present direct relation to the development stage, location, and number of parasites as well as to the host immune response. This study aimed the characterization of the inflammatory response and tissue injuries by means of the analyses of the periventricular and parenchymatous demyelination through the experimental intraventricular NCC infection. Therefore, BALB/c mice were submitted to experimental NCC inoculation with Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. Their brains were removed at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after the inoculation (DAI), and analyzed after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Luxol Fast Blue, and Nissl. It was possible to observe ventriculomegaly, inflammatory infiltration composed by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, and foamy macrophages. The presence of inflammatory cells was associated with neurodegeneration detected by the areas with demyelination observed initially in the periventricular area and lately in the parenchyma. In conclusion, the presence of cysticerci and the consequent inflammation were able to promote initial periventricular demyelination followed by parenchymatous demyelination as the infection progressed.

Resumo A neurocisticercose (NCC) é classificada como uma doença tropical negligenciada que afeta principalmente a América Latina e a África, apesar de alguns relatos na América do Norte e na Europa. A NCC é responsável por cerca de 30% dos casos de epilepsia em países endêmicos. Estas lesões parecem ter estreita relação com o estádio de desenvolvimento, com a localização e o número de parasitas, bem como a resposta imune do hospedeiro. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a resposta de células inflamatórias e as lesões teciduais pela análise da desmielinização periventricular e parenquimatosa ao longo da infecção experimental de NCC intraventricular. Para tanto, camundongos BALB/c foram submetidos a NCC experimental através da inoculação de cisticercos de Taenia crassiceps. O encéfalo foi retirado aos 7, 30, 60 e 90 dias após inoculação (DAI) e analisado após coloração por Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE), Luxol Fast Blue e Nissl. Observou-se ventriculomegalia, processo de infiltração inflamatório composto por células polimorfonucleares, mononucleares e macrófagos espumosos. A presença de células inflamatórias foi associada com neurodegeneração, observada pelas áreas de desmielinização que foram inicialmente periventricular e mais tardiamente no parênquima. Em conclusão, observa-se que a presença dos cisticercos e a inflamação foram capazes de promover desmielinização periventricular inicial e parenquimatosa conforme houve progressão tardia da infecção.

Pôster Quiz como Estratégia Inovadora na Exposição de Trabalhos em um Congresso de Educação Médica / Poster-Quiz as an Innovative Strategy in the Presentation of Works at a Medical Training Congress

RESUMO Introdução A exposição de trabalhos científicos é uma das metodologias utilizadas nos congressos e faz parte da comunicação informal do conhecimento científico, usada entre os cientistas ao se inserirem em um cotidiano restrito de pesquisadores. A tecnologia QR code facilita o acesso à produção científica e à dinamização do conhecimento; o Pôster Quiz constitui uma ferramenta de exploração dos trabalhos científicos facilitada pela inserção do QR code. Objetivos Relatar a criação e elaboração do Pôster Quiz como estratégia inovadora na exposição de trabalhos em um congresso de educação médica, aliada a uma ferramenta digital, o QR code, a fim de incentivar a leitura dos trabalhos expostos nos totens digitais, disseminando a pesquisa científica, seus autores e sua importância. Relato de experiência Trata-se de uma metodologia desenvolvida por discentes e docentes do curso de Medicina do Centro Universitário de Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), em contou com reuniões periódicas que propunham a elaboração de QR codes que expusessem perguntas sobre resumos previamente lidos pelos participantes em formato e-poster. Esse processo envolveu a participação de sete discentes, um docente e 47 congressistas. Utilizaram-se banners com QR codes correspondentes às perguntas de seis totens de e-poster espalhados pelo evento, cartões-resposta referentes às perguntas expostas pelos QR codes e uma urna para depósito dos cartões; a correção dos cartões foi automática. Ao encontrarem um banner, os congressistas utilizavam um aplicativo leitor de QR code para obter acesso às questões daquele totem no período específico e em seguida tinham que realizar uma leitura dos trabalhos expostos ou assistir à apresentação do e-poster para que pudessem responder às questões. A correção dos cartões-resposta ocorreu por meio do aplicativo mobile Merrit®, que utiliza a câmera do smartphone para identificar as respostas de questões objetivas, comparando-as com um gabarito previamente informado. Do total de 150 questões, os primeiros colocados apresentaram 77 (51,33%), 76 (50,66%) e 70 (46,66%) acertos, sendo que a média de acertos foi de 61 (40,66%). Ao término do evento, ocorreu a premiação dos ganhadores nas três primeiras colocações. Também foram coletados relatos pessoais dos congressistas, atribuindo credibilidade a essa prática. Conclusão A importância dessa dinâmica repousa, sobretudo, na valorização dos trabalhos expostos com o objetivo de estimular o interesse dos congressistas, além de incentivar a integração entre os participantes da dinâmica e despertar maior atenção para as informações prestadas. Vale ressaltar o impacto positivo de uma atividade distinta de todas as outras do congresso, que agregou um elemento competitivo favorável ao objetivo primordial de obter conhecimento. O uso dessa nova tecnologia teve um resultado auspicioso, visto que a criação de um desafio premiado promoveu benefícios intelectuais, como a aquisição de habilidades de leitura e o aprendizado de temas pouco retratados na faculdade. A eficácia dessa dinâmica reside numa troca proveitosa de conhecimentos e de interesse entre os participantes, os autores dos trabalhos e os elaboradores do Pôster Quiz.

ABSTRACT Introduction Scientific works are routinely presented at medical congresses, contributing to the informal communication of scientific knowledge among scientists in a context of a restricted number of researchers. QR codes facilitate access to scientific production and promote more dynamic learning, and the Poster-Quiz is a tool we used to explore such works by means of QR codes. Objectives To report on the creation and development of a Poster-Quiz as an innovative form of displaying works at a medical congress, with a view to encouraging reading of the works exhibited in the digital totems, disseminating and highlighting the importance of scientific research and its authors. Experience report A methodolody developed by students and professors of the Medicine course at UniEVANGÉLICA - University Centre of Anápolis, involving periodic meetings to propose the use of QR codes to set questions about previously read abstracts displayed in e-posters. This process included the participation of seven students, one professor and 47 congress participants. The experiment was conducted with the use of banners with QR codes corresponding to questions about the content of six digital totems spread around the event, response cards and an urn for collection of the cards, which were corrected automatically. Upon finding a banner, the congress participants used a QR code reader app to access the questions relative to that totem in the specific period and then had to read the works presented or watch a presentation of the e-poster in order to answer the questions. The mobile app Merrit®, using a smartphone camera was employed to identify the answers to the objective questions, comparing them to a previously established answer sheet. There were 150 quiz questions in all and the top-performing respondents achieved scores of 51.33%, 50.66% and 46.66% correct answers. The average score was around 40.66% correct answers. At the end of the event, the top three respondents were awarded. The participants were also asked to give their opinion on the quiz experience in order to lend credibility to the practice. Conclusion The importance of this activity resides, above all, in promoting the works exposed in order to spark the interest of the congress participants, as well as encouraging greater integration between the participants and provoking them to pay closer attention to the information exhibited. We should highlight the positive impact of an activity which is clearly different to the others found at the congress, and which added a competitive element that enhanced the main objective of learning. The use of this new technology had an auspicious outcome, seeing as the creation of a competitive challenge promoted intellectual benefits, such as the aquisition of reading abilities and learning about matters that are given little attention at university. The effectiveness of the quiz derives from a mutually beneficial exchange of knowledge and interest among the participants, authors of the works and the organizers of the Poster-Quiz.

High-resolution computed tomography and histopathological findings in hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a pictorial essay.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a diffuse interstitial and granulomatous lung disease caused by the inhalation of any one of a number of antigens. The objective of this study was to illustrate the spectrum of abnormalities in high-resolution computed tomography and histopathological findings related to hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We retrospectively evaluated patients who had been diagnosed with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (on the basis of clinical-radiological or clinical-radiological-pathological correlations) and had undergone lung biopsy. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is clinically divided into acute, subacute, and chronic forms; high-resolution computed tomography findings correlate with the time of exposure; and the two occasionally overlap. In the subacute form, centrilobular micronodules, ground-glass opacities, and air trapping are characteristic high-resolution computed tomography findings, whereas histopathology shows lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates, bronchiolitis, variable degrees of organizing pneumonia, and giant cells. In the chronic form, high-resolution computed tomography shows traction bronchiectasis, honeycombing, and lung fibrosis, the last also being seen in the biopsy sample. A definitive diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be made only through a multidisciplinary approach, by correlating clinical findings, exposure history, high-resolution computed tomography findings, and lung biopsy findings.

A pneumonite por hipersensibilidade é uma doença intersticial difusa, granulomatosa e de natureza inalatória, com inúmeros antígenos orgânicos e inorgânicos implicados. Nosso objetivo é ilustrar o espectro de anormalidades na tomografia de alta resolução do tórax e achados histopatológicos. Foram avaliadas, retrospectivamente, tomografias de alta resolução do tórax de pacientes com diagnóstico de pneumonite por hipersensibilidade estabelecido em correlação clínico-radiológica e clínico-radiológico-patológica em pacientes em que a biópsia esteve disponível. A pneumonite por hipersensibilidade é dividida, do ponto de vista clínico e didático, em aguda, subaguda e crônica, e as manifestações tomográficas da tomografia de alta resolução do tórax correlacionam-se com o tempo da evolução da doença, e por vezes se superpõem. Micronódulos centrolobulares, vidro fosco e aprisionamento aéreo são características tomográficas na manifestação subaguda, em que, histopatologicamente, se observam infiltrado inflamatório linfocítico, bronquiolite, graus variáveis de pneumonia em organização e células gigantes. Na fase crônica, a tomografia demonstra sinais de fibrose com bronquiolectasias de tração e eventualmente faveolamento, com predomínio superior, sendo observados também sinais de fibrose no estudo histopatológico. A abordagem multidisciplinar é definitiva no diagnóstico, que é realizado correlacionando-se as características clínicas, nexo causal de exposição, achados tomográficos e aspectos histopatológicos.

High-resolution computed tomography and histopathological findings in hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a pictorial essay / Aspectos tomográficos e histopatológicos da pneumonite por hipersensibilidade: ensaio iconográfico

Abstract Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a diffuse interstitial and granulomatous lung disease caused by the inhalation of any one of a number of antigens. The objective of this study was to illustrate the spectrum of abnormalities in high-resolution computed tomography and histopathological findings related to hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We retrospectively evaluated patients who had been diagnosed with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (on the basis of clinical-radiological or clinical-radiological-pathological correlations) and had undergone lung biopsy. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is clinically divided into acute, subacute, and chronic forms; high-resolution computed tomography findings correlate with the time of exposure; and the two occasionally overlap. In the subacute form, centrilobular micronodules, ground-glass opacities, and air trapping are characteristic high-resolution computed tomography findings, whereas histopathology shows lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates, bronchiolitis, variable degrees of organizing pneumonia, and giant cells. In the chronic form, high-resolution computed tomography shows traction bronchiectasis, honeycombing, and lung fibrosis, the last also being seen in the biopsy sample. A definitive diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be made only through a multidisciplinary approach, by correlating clinical findings, exposure history, high-resolution computed tomography findings, and lung biopsy findings.

Resumo A pneumonite por hipersensibilidade é uma doença intersticial difusa, granulomatosa e de natureza inalatória, com inúmeros antígenos orgânicos e inorgânicos implicados. Nosso objetivo é ilustrar o espectro de anormalidades na tomografia de alta resolução do tórax e achados histopatológicos. Foram avaliadas, retrospectivamente, tomografias de alta resolução do tórax de pacientes com diagnóstico de pneumonite por hipersensibilidade estabelecido em correlação clínico-radiológica e clínico-radiológico-patológica em pacientes em que a biópsia esteve disponível. A pneumonite por hipersensibilidade é dividida, do ponto de vista clínico e didático, em aguda, subaguda e crônica, e as manifestações tomográficas da tomografia de alta resolução do tórax correlacionam-se com o tempo da evolução da doença, e por vezes se superpõem. Micronódulos centrolobulares, vidro fosco e aprisionamento aéreo são características tomográficas na manifestação subaguda, em que, histopatologicamente, se observam infiltrado inflamatório linfocítico, bronquiolite, graus variáveis de pneumonia em organização e células gigantes. Na fase crônica, a tomografia demonstra sinais de fibrose com bronquiolectasias de tração e eventualmente faveolamento, com predomínio superior, sendo observados também sinais de fibrose no estudo histopatológico. A abordagem multidisciplinar é definitiva no diagnóstico, que é realizado correlacionando-se as características clínicas, nexo causal de exposição, achados tomográficos e aspectos histopatológicos.

Influence of surgical technique in the peritoneal carcinomatosis surgical wound implant: experimental model in mice.

BACKGROUND: The number of malignancies increased alarmingly. Surgery constitutes one of the most efficient therapeutic modalities for the treatment of solid tumors. The neoplastic implant in surgical wound is a complication whose percentage of occurrence reported in the literature is variable, but sets with high morbidity and therapeutic difficulties. Protecting the wound is one of the recommended principles of oncologic surgery. AIM: To evaluate the influence of wound protection in the development of tumor implantation. METHODS: Sarcoma 180 tumor cells were used, with intraperitoneal inoculation in Swiss mice. After the establishment of neoplastic ascites, animals were randomized into two groups of 10, each group consisting of five males and five females. In both groups, laparotomy and manipulation of intra-abdominal organs was performed. In a group laparotomy was performed using the protection of the abdominal wound and the other group without it. On the 9th postoperative day macroscopic evaluation of the operative scar was performed, which was later removed for microscopic evaluation. RESULTS: There was microscopic infiltration of tumor cells in the wound of all animals. However, the group that held the protection, infiltration was less intense when compared to the group without it. The infiltration was also more severe in females than in males of the same group. CONCLUSION: Tumor infiltration into the wound was more intense in the group in which the protection of the surgical site was not performed, and in females when compared to males of the same group.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the penis: Case report and literature review.

We describe the fifth case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The patient had penile ulcer with bilateral inguinal and pelvic lymphadenopathy and underwent total penectomy. After antibiotic therapy, the patient began outpatient chemotherapy, but the treatment was discontinued due to his intolerance. The patient died due to infectious complications of the inguinal lymphatic fistula 7 months after the histological diagnosis. Notably, the periurethral area was involved in the anatomopathological evaluation of the excised penis. The penile mucoepidermoid carcinoma was aggressive and the perimeatal region was involved. This case helps demystify the origins and prognosis of this rare case. More reports documenting patient characteristics and their evolution with penile mucoepidermoid carcinoma are needed.

Influence of surgical technique in the peritoneal carcinomatosis surgical wound implant: experimental model in mice / Influência da técnica cirúrgica na implantação da carcinomatose peritoneal em ferida operatória: modelo experimental em camundongos

BACKGROUND: The number of malignancies increased alarmingly. Surgery constitutes one of the most efficient therapeutic modalities for the treatment of solid tumors. The neoplastic implant in surgical wound is a complication whose percentage of occurrence reported in the literature is variable, but sets with high morbidity and therapeutic difficulties. Protecting the wound is one of the recommended principles of oncologic surgery. AIM: To evaluate the influence of wound protection in the development of tumor implantation. METHODS: Sarcoma 180 tumor cells were used, with intraperitoneal inoculation in Swiss mice. After the establishment of neoplastic ascites, animals were randomized into two groups of 10, each group consisting of five males and five females. In both groups, laparotomy and manipulation of intra-abdominal organs was performed. In a group laparotomy was performed using the protection of the abdominal wound and the other group without it. On the 9th postoperative day macroscopic evaluation of the operative scar was performed, which was later removed for microscopic evaluation. RESULTS: There was microscopic infiltration of tumor cells in the wound of all animals. However, the group that held the protection, infiltration was less intense when compared to the group without it. The infiltration was also more severe in females than in males of the same group. CONCLUSION: Tumor infiltration into the wound was more intense in the group in which the protection of the surgical site was not performed, and in females when compared to males of the same group. .

RACIONAL: O número de neoplasias vem aumentando de maneira preocupante. O tratamento cirúrgico constitui-se em uma das modalidades terapêuticas mais eficientes para os tumores sólidos. O implante neoplásico em ferida operatória é complicação cujo percentual de ocorrência relatado na literatura é variável, porém configura alta morbidade e grande dificuldade terapêutica. A proteção da ferida operatória é um dos princípios de cirurgia oncológica recomendados, entretanto pouco estudado. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da proteção de ferida operatória no desenvolvimento de implante tumoral na ferida operatória. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas linhagens de células tumorais do Sarcoma 180, com inoculação intraperitoneal em camundongos Swiss. Após o estabelecimento da ascite neoplásica, os animais foram randomizados em dois grupos de 10, cada grupo composto por cinco machos e cinco fêmeas. Nos dois grupos foi realizada laparotomia e manipulação de órgãos intra-abdominais. Em um grupo a laparotomia foi realizada utilizando a proteção da ferida abdominal e no outro grupo sem proteção. No 9º dia pós-operatório foi realizada avaliação macroscópica da cicatriz operatória, sendo esta removida posteriormente para avaliação microscópica. RESULTADOS: Houve infiltração microscópica de células tumorais na ferida operatória em todos animais. Porém, no grupo em que se realizou a proteção da ferida a infiltração foi menos intensa quando comparado ao grupo sem proteção. A infiltração também foi mais intensa nas fêmeas do que nos machos do mesmo grupo. CONCLUSÃO: A infiltração tumoral na ferida operatória foi mais intensa no grupo em que não foi realizada a proteção da ferida operatória e nas fêmeas quando comparadas aos machos do mesmo grupo. .

Gestação gemelar com mola hidatiforme completa e feto vivo / Twin pregnancy with a complete hydatidiform mole and live fetus

A gestação gemelar com mola hidatiforme completa que coexiste com feto vivo (GGMC) é uma entidade rara. Embora as recomendações sejam de conduta expectante, são descritas diversas complicações maternas e fetais, como o aumento da incidência de abortamento espontâneo, de parto prematuro, de sangramento vaginal, de pré-eclampsia grave e de doença trofoblástica persistente, entre outras complicações. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a evolução clínica de um caso de GGMC que evoluiu para crise tireotóxica, pré-eclâmpsia grave, interrupção da gestação e necessidade de cuidados intensivos maternos. A necropsia fetal evidenciou feto do sexo feminino, sem malformações aparentes, com alterações placentárias que favorecem cromossomopatia. A avaliação dos restos ovulares evidenciou vilosidades com hiperplasia do trofoblasto e vesículas, achados compatíveis com mola hidatiforme completa. Atualmente, após 15 meses de seguimento, a paciente permanece assintomática e com níveis indetectáveis de gonadotrofina coriônica.

Twin pregnancy with complete hydatidiform mole coexisting with a live fetus is a rare entity, and although the recommendations are expectant management of various maternal and fetal complications are described, such as increasing the number of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, vaginal bleeding, pre-eclampsia and severe persistent trophoblastic disease, among other complications. In this paper, we describe the clinical course of a case of GGMC who developed thyrotoxic crisis, preeclampsia severe, termination of pregnancy and maternal need for intensive care. Fetal autopsy showed a female fetus with no apparent defects; with placental changes favoring chromosomal disorders. The evaluationof ovular remains showed villi with trophoblastic hyperplasia and vesicles, suggestive of complete mole. Currently, after 15 months of follow up, the patient remains asymptomatic with undetectable levels of chorionic gonadotropin.

Hamartoma mesenquimal rabdomiomatoso: um relato de caso / Rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma: a case report

The rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma (RMH) is a rare type of hamartoma, composed of randomly arranged striated muscle fibers in dermis and subcutaneous tissue, associated with normal mesenchymal elements. Our objective is to report a case of this rare entity that occurred in the nasal dorsum of a 4-year-old child...

O hamartoma mesenquimal rabdomiomatoso (HMR) representa um raro tipo de hamartoma composto por fibras musculares estriadas dispostas aleatoriamente em derme e tecido subcutâneo, associadas a elementos mesenquimais normais. O nosso objetivo é relatar um caso desta rara entidade que ocorreu no dorso nasal de uma criança de 4 anos...